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Water - The Preserver of Life
By Firooza F. Karkaria

Although it contains no nutrients, water is a vital component of our diet. It is essential for the growth and maintenance of our bodies as it is involved in a number of biological processes. But most of us do not get enough.

Water is found throughout our bodies. It is the major component in blood and urine and is found in gastrointestinal juices, perspiration, and even the synovial fluids which surround our joints. Water also helps in maintaining normal sodium levels in our blood.

Why do we need water?
  • Water is the most abundant substance on earth. It is also the most abundant substance in our bodies and we cannot survive more than a few days without it. Every function in our body requires water. A human embryo is more than 80% water, where as a newborn baby about 74%, while an adult about 60-70% water.

    The body can store water, but only on a very limited basis. For our body to function optimally we need to replenish daily, any water loss due to urination, passing stools, perspiration, and respiration. Many people, though, do not consume enough and as a result may become dehydrated, causing symptoms such as headaches, tiredness and loss of concentration. Chronic dehydration can contribute to a number of health problems, such as constipation and kidney stones.
What happens if you do not drink enough?

The following are a series of changes in a case of water restriction:
  • Increase in pulse rate and in rectal temperature.
  • Increase in respiration.
  • Tingling and numbness of fingers and feet.
  • Increase in concentration of blood.
  • Diminution of blood volume and more difficult circulation.
The difficulty and inadequacy of the circulation of blood under these conditions leads to:
  • Difficult breathing.
  • Gastro-intestinal upsets.
  • Nausea and appetite failure.
  • And eventually to difficulty in muscular movements and emotional instability.
In a study on animals, where their water was restricted, the animals became highly irritable and agitated.

How much do we need?

The body gets its water from three sources:
  • From drinks, either plain water or as part of other beverages.
  • From solid foods, especially fruits and vegetables.
  • As a by-product of chemical reactions within the body.
The British Dietetic Association advises that the average adult should consume 2.5 litres of water per day. Of this, 1.8 litres - the equivalent of seven to eight glasses of water per day must be obtained directly from beverages. This should be increased during periods of hot weather or during and after periods of physical activity.

Water is the major ingredient of all drinks: carbonated drinks are 65 per cent water, squashes are 86 per cent water (after dilution) and fruit juices are 90 per cent water. But drinking plain water is still the most effective way of replacing lost fluids.
How to achieve your daily water intake :
  • Start with a glass of water when you wake up.
  • If you are at work, keep a bottle of fresh water on your desk within easy reach.
  • If you are out and about during the day, carry a bottle of water so you can have a drink whenever you want.]
  • Increase your intake of fresh fruit and vegetables; they have high water content as well as many other health benefits.
Drink even if you are not thirsty. Thirst is not a reliable way to know your body needs water. You won't start feeling thirsty until you have already lost about 2 percent of your body weight - enough to hurt performance.

Some tips for staying hydrated:
  • Drink small amounts of water frequently, rather than large amounts less often.
  • Drink cool beverages (cool not cold, therefore not straight from the refrigerator) to cool your core body temperature and reduce sweating.
Pay attention to the amount and color of your urine. You should excrete a large volume that is nearly colourless. Small amounts or dark coloured urine can indicate dehydration. The elderly and young children are at highest risk for water deficit. Any individual who is experiencing prolonged diarrhoea or perspiration is also at risk for water deficiency or dehydration. People in hot climates which are extremely dry or humid, can also experience depletion of their water reserves. If you experience muscle cramping, nausea, headache or dizziness - these can all be attributed to dehydration.

Water and Weight loss:
Although most of us take it for granted, water may be the only true "magic potion" for permanent weight loss. Water may be the key to taking weight off and keeping it off.

Proper water intake is the key to weight loss. If people who are trying to lose weight do not drink enough water, the body cannot metabolize the fat, they retain fluid, which keeps weight up, and the whole procedure that you are trying to set up falls apart.

Water suppresses the appetite naturally and helps the body metabolise stored fat. Studies have shown that a decrease in water intake will cause fat deposits to increase, while an increase in water intake can actually reduce fat deposits.

Here is the reason why - As mentioned above, the kidneys cannot function properly without enough water. When they do not work to capacity, some of their load is dumped onto the liver. One of the liver's primary functions is to metabolise stored fat into usable energy for the body. But, if the liver has to do some of the kidney's work, it can't do its own job as effectively. As a result, it metabolises less fat; so more fat remains stored in the body and weight loss stops.

Drinking enough water is the best treatment for fluid retention. When the body gets less water, it perceives this as a threat to survival and begins to hold on to every drop. Water is stored in spaces outside the cells. This shows up as swollen feet, legs and hands. So, paradoxical as it may seem, the way to eliminate fluid retention is to drink more water, not less.

Water or Other Beverages?
There is a difference between pure water and other beverages that contain water. Bio-chemically, water is water - obviously you can get some liquid by consuming such beverages as fruit juice, soft drinks, beer, coffee and tea. Unfortunately, while such drinks contain water, they also may contain substances that may contradict some of the positive effects of the added water. For example - beer contains water, but it also contains alcohol which is a toxic substance. Fruit juices contain a lot of sugar while tea and coffee are a diuretic, so you excrete more liquid than you take in. Such drinks may tax the body more than they cleanse it. Another problem with these beverages is that you lose your taste for water.

To sum up-Water is the most important element on earth without which survival of any species is impossible. Remember to have water at regular intervals throughout the day and it is always preferable to consume water to replace lost fluids instead of other beverages.

About the Author
Firooza F. Karkaria is a first class graduate from Bombay University in Foods & Nutrition and has done her Post Graduation in Nutrition & Dietetics. She has also attained the status of a Registered Dietician (R.D.) awarded by the Indian Dietetics Association (I.D.A.). She has a varied experience of having worked in hospitals & gymnasiums as a dietician. Presently she is working for Gold's Gym which runs an international chain of gymnasiums.

She has helped scores of people achieve their goals in losing as well as gaining weight as per their individual requirements & prescribes diets for people suffering from various ailments. She can be contacted on 9820654200 for personalised guidance.

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